mirror of
https://github.com/seigler/dash-docs
synced 2025-07-27 09:46:12 +00:00
Merge branches 'compressed-keys' and 'memorypool' into master
This commit is contained in:
David A. Harding
commit
f9949e1a82
7 changed files with 535 additions and 8 deletions
|
|
@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ op codes: op code
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|||
'`op_return`': op_return
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||||
'`op_verify`': op_verify
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||||
orphan:
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||||
orphan: orphaned
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||||
orphaned: orphan
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||||
outputs: output
|
||||
output:
|
||||
output index:
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -46,10 +46,50 @@ New blocks are also discovered as miners publish their found blocks, and these m
|
|||
|
||||
{% autocrossref %}
|
||||
|
||||
In order to send a transaction to a peer, an `inv` message is sent. If a `getdata` response message is received, the transaction is sent using `tx`. The peer receiving this transaction also forwards the transaction in the same manner, given that it is a valid transaction. If the transaction is not put into a block for an extended period of time, it will be dropped from mempool, and the client of origin will have to re-broadcast the message.
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||||
In order to send a transaction to a peer, an `inv` message is sent. If a `getdata` response message is received, the transaction is sent using `tx`. The peer receiving this transaction also forwards the transaction in the same manner, given that it is a valid transaction.
|
||||
|
||||
{% endautocrossref %}
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||||
|
||||
#### Memory Pool
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||||
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||||
{% autocrossref %}
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||||
|
||||
Full peers may keep track of unconfirmed transactions which are eligible to
|
||||
be included in the next block. This is essential for miners who will
|
||||
actually mine some or all of those transactions, but it's also useful
|
||||
for any peer who wants to keep track of unconfirmed transactions, such
|
||||
as peers serving unconfirmed transaction information to SPV clients.
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||||
|
||||
Because unconfirmed transactions have no permanent status in Bitcoin,
|
||||
Bitcoin Core stores them in non-persistent memory, calling them a memory
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||||
pool or mempool. When a peer shuts down, its memory pool is lost except
|
||||
for any transactions stored by its wallet. This means that never-mined
|
||||
unconfirmed transactions tend to slowly disappear from the network as
|
||||
peers restart or as they purge some transactions to make room in memory
|
||||
for others.
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||||
|
||||
Transactions which are mined into blocks that are later orphaned may be
|
||||
added back into the memory pool. These re-added transactions may be
|
||||
re-removed from the pool almost immediately if the replacement blocks
|
||||
include them. This is the case in Bitcoin Core, which removes orphaned
|
||||
blocks from the chain one by one, starting with the tip (highest block).
|
||||
As each block is removed, its transactions are added back to the memory
|
||||
pool. After all of the orphaned blocks are removed, the replacement
|
||||
blocks are added to the chain one by one, ending with the new tip. As
|
||||
each block is added, any transactions it confirms are removed from the
|
||||
memory pool.
|
||||
|
||||
SPV clients don't have a memory pool for the same reason they don't
|
||||
relay transactions. They can't independently verify that a transaction
|
||||
hasn't yet been included in a block and that it only spends UTXOs, so
|
||||
they can't know which transactions are eligible to be included in the
|
||||
next block.
|
||||
|
||||
{% endautocrossref %}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Misbehaving Nodes
|
||||
|
||||
{% autocrossref %}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -274,15 +274,19 @@ In order to make copying of private keys less prone to error, [Wallet Import For
|
|||
|
||||
2. Add a 0x80 byte in front of it for mainnet addresses or 0xef for testnet addresses.
|
||||
|
||||
3. Perform a SHA-256 hash on the extended key.<!--noref-->
|
||||
3. Append a 0x01 byte after it if it should be used with compressed
|
||||
public keys (described in a later subsection). Nothing is appended if
|
||||
it is used with uncompressed public keys.
|
||||
|
||||
4. Perform a SHA-256 hash on result of SHA-256 hash.
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||||
4. Perform a SHA-256 hash on the extended key.<!--noref-->
|
||||
|
||||
5. Take the first four bytes of the second SHA-256 hash; this is the checksum.
|
||||
5. Perform a SHA-256 hash on result of SHA-256 hash.
|
||||
|
||||
6. Add the four checksum bytes from point 5 at the end of the extended key<!--noref--> from point 2.
|
||||
6. Take the first four bytes of the second SHA-256 hash; this is the checksum.
|
||||
|
||||
7. Convert the result from a byte string into a Base58 string using Base58Check encoding.
|
||||
7. Add the four checksum bytes from point 5 at the end of the extended key<!--noref--> from point 2.
|
||||
|
||||
8. Convert the result from a byte string into a Base58 string using Base58Check encoding.
|
||||
|
||||
The process is easily reversible, using the Base58 decoding function, and removing the padding.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -310,6 +314,66 @@ address utility].
|
|||
{% endautocrossref %}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Public Key Formats
|
||||
|
||||
{% autocrossref %}
|
||||
|
||||
Bitcoin ECDSA public keys represent a point on a particular Elliptic
|
||||
Curve (EC) defined in secp256k1. In their traditional uncompressed form,
|
||||
public keys contain an identification byte, a 32-byte X coordinate, and
|
||||
a 32-byte Y coordinate. The extremely simplified illustration below
|
||||
shows such a point on the elliptic curve used by Bitcoin,
|
||||
x<sup>2</sup> = y<sup>3</sup> + 7, over a field of
|
||||
contiguous numbers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(Secp256k1 actually modulos coordinates by a large prime, which produces a
|
||||
field of non-contiguous integers and a significantly less clear plot,
|
||||
although the principles are the same.)
|
||||
|
||||
An almost 50% reduction in public key size can be realized without
|
||||
changing any fundamentals by dropping the Y coordinate. This is possible
|
||||
because only two points along the curve share any particular X
|
||||
coordinate, so the 32-byte Y coordinate can be replaced with a single
|
||||
bit indicating whether the point is on what appears in the illustration
|
||||
as the "top" side or the "bottom" side.
|
||||
|
||||
No data is lost by creating these compressed public keys---only a small
|
||||
amount of CPU is necessary to reconstruct the Y coordinate and access
|
||||
the uncompressed public key. Both uncompressed and compressed public
|
||||
keys are described in official secp256k1 documentation and supported by
|
||||
default in the widely-used OpenSSL library.
|
||||
|
||||
Because they're easy to use, and because they reduce almost by half
|
||||
the block chain space used to store public keys for every spent output,
|
||||
compressed public keys are the default in Bitcoin Core and are the
|
||||
recommended default for all Bitcoin software.
|
||||
|
||||
However, Bitcoin Core prior to 0.6 used uncompressed keys. This creates
|
||||
a few complications, as the hashed form of an uncompressed key is
|
||||
different than the hashed form of a compressed key, so the same key
|
||||
works with two different P2PKH addresses. This also means that the key
|
||||
must be submitted in the correct format in the input scriptSig so it
|
||||
matches the hash in the previous output script.
|
||||
|
||||
For this reason, Bitcoin Core uses several different identifier bytes to
|
||||
help programs identify how keys should be used:
|
||||
|
||||
* Private keys meant to be used with compressed public keys have 0x01
|
||||
appended to them before being Base-58 encoded. (See the private key
|
||||
encoding section above.)
|
||||
|
||||
* Uncompressed public keys start with 0x04; compressed public keys begin
|
||||
with 0x03 or 0x02 depending on whether they're greater or less than
|
||||
the midpoint of the curve. These prefix bytes are all used in
|
||||
official secp256k1 documentation.
|
||||
|
||||
{% endautocrossref %}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Hierarchical Deterministic Key Creation
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
|
|||
The images are generated using dot from the graphviz package. For
|
||||
## Files Ending In .dot, .neato, .circo
|
||||
|
||||
Many of the images are generated using dot from the graphviz package. For
|
||||
assistance with these files, feel free to contact dave@dtrt.org.
|
||||
|
||||
The following examples generate a .png or .svg file from a .dot file:
|
||||
|
|
@ -34,3 +36,23 @@ near the top of the file:
|
|||
|
||||
Also, splines=ortho should not be used in new or updated files until
|
||||
Graphviz fixes its post-2.26.3 ortho code.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Files Ending In .gnuplot
|
||||
|
||||
Some images are generated using gnuplot. As of this writing, you can
|
||||
generate both the SVG and PNG output for any of these files by running
|
||||
the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
gnuplot <filename.gnuplot>
|
||||
|
||||
After generating, you should use optipng to reduce the PNG filesize.
|
||||
(Reductions here tend to be small, ~10%):
|
||||
|
||||
optipng -o7 <filename.png>
|
||||
|
||||
If your plot has a high sample rate, you can reduce the SVG filesize by
|
||||
opening it in Inkscape, ungrouping the graphic, selecting plot lines,
|
||||
and using Path->Simplify. Then select all, regroup, and save. Be sure
|
||||
to double-check your work---if you simplify text, it becomes unreadable.
|
||||
(Reductions here tend to be large, I've seen ~80%.)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
15
img/dev/en-ecdsa-compressed-public-key.gnuplot
Normal file
15
img/dev/en-ecdsa-compressed-public-key.gnuplot
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
|||
set samples 1000000
|
||||
set yrange [-4:4]
|
||||
|
||||
set terminal svg size 600,200 font "Sans,12"
|
||||
set output "en-ecdsa-compressed-public-key.svg"
|
||||
|
||||
plot [-3:8] sqrt(x**3+7) \
|
||||
,-sqrt(x**3+7) \
|
||||
,"< echo 1 2.83" u 1:2 title "x,y=1.00,2.83" with points
|
||||
|
||||
## Remember to run optipng -o7 on output before commiting
|
||||
set terminal png size 600,200 font "Sans,12"
|
||||
set output "en-ecdsa-compressed-public-key.png"
|
||||
|
||||
replot
|
||||
BIN
img/dev/en-ecdsa-compressed-public-key.png
Normal file
BIN
img/dev/en-ecdsa-compressed-public-key.png
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 2.9 KiB |
386
img/dev/en-ecdsa-compressed-public-key.svg
Normal file
386
img/dev/en-ecdsa-compressed-public-key.svg
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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<svg
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xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
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xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#"
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xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
|
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xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
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xmlns:sodipodi="http://sodipodi.sourceforge.net/DTD/sodipodi-0.dtd"
|
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xmlns:inkscape="http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape"
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width="600"
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height="200"
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viewBox="0 0 600 200"
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id="svg2"
|
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version="1.1"
|
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inkscape:version="0.48.3.1 r9886"
|
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sodipodi:docname="en-ecdsa-compressed-public-key.svg">
|
||||
<metadata
|
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id="metadata166">
|
||||
<rdf:RDF>
|
||||
<cc:Work
|
||||
rdf:about="">
|
||||
<dc:format>image/svg+xml</dc:format>
|
||||
<dc:type
|
||||
rdf:resource="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" />
|
||||
</cc:Work>
|
||||
</rdf:RDF>
|
||||
</metadata>
|
||||
<defs
|
||||
id="defs164">
|
||||
<defs
|
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id="defs11">
|
||||
<circle
|
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stroke-width="0.5"
|
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r="0.5"
|
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id="gpDot" />
|
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<path
|
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d="M-1,0 h2 M0,-1 v2"
|
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stroke="currentColor"
|
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stroke-width="0.222"
|
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<path
|
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d="M-1,-1 L1,1 M1,-1 L-1,1"
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stroke-width="0.222"
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<path
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d="M-1,0 L1,0 M0,-1 L0,1 M-1,-1 L1,1 M-1,1 L1,-1"
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<rect
|
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height="2"
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|
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stroke-width="0.222"
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<rect
|
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height="2"
|
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width="2"
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y="-1"
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|
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|
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stroke-width="0.222"
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<circle
|
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r="1"
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cy="0"
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cx="0"
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stroke="currentColor"
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stroke-width="0.222"
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<use
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stroke="none"
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fill="currentColor"
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xlink:href="#gpPt5" />
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<path
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d="M0,-1.33 L-1.33,0.67 L1.33,0.67 z"
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stroke-width="0.222"
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<use
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stroke="none"
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fill="currentColor"
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xlink:href="#gpPt7" />
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<use
|
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transform="rotate(180)"
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stroke="currentColor"
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xlink:href="#gpPt7" />
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<use
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stroke="none"
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fill="currentColor"
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xlink:href="#gpPt9" />
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<use
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|
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xlink:href="#gpPt3" />
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<use
|
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stroke="none"
|
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fill="currentColor"
|
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id="gpPt12"
|
||||
xlink:href="#gpPt11" />
|
||||
</defs>
|
||||
</defs>
|
||||
<sodipodi:namedview
|
||||
pagecolor="#ffffff"
|
||||
bordercolor="#666666"
|
||||
borderopacity="1"
|
||||
objecttolerance="10"
|
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gridtolerance="10"
|
||||
guidetolerance="10"
|
||||
inkscape:pageopacity="0"
|
||||
inkscape:pageshadow="2"
|
||||
inkscape:window-width="1278"
|
||||
inkscape:window-height="616"
|
||||
id="namedview162"
|
||||
showgrid="false"
|
||||
inkscape:zoom="1.7017703"
|
||||
inkscape:cx="300"
|
||||
inkscape:cy="100"
|
||||
inkscape:window-x="0"
|
||||
inkscape:window-y="0"
|
||||
inkscape:window-maximized="0"
|
||||
inkscape:current-layer="svg2" />
|
||||
<title
|
||||
id="title4">Gnuplot</title>
|
||||
<desc
|
||||
id="desc6">Produced by GNUPLOT 4.6 patchlevel 0 </desc>
|
||||
<g
|
||||
id="g3436">
|
||||
<rect
|
||||
x="0"
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<path
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<text
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inkscape:connector-curvature="0"
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<text
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inkscape:connector-curvature="0"
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After Width: | Height: | Size: 13 KiB |
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue