{% comment %} This file is licensed under the MIT License (MIT) available on http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT. {% endcomment %} {% assign filename="_includes/devdoc/guide_dash_features.md" %} ## Dash Features {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} {% autocrossref %} Dash aims to be the most user-friendly and scalable payments-focused cryptocurrency in the world. The Dash network features instant transaction confirmation, double spend protection, anonymity equal to that of physical cash, a self-governing, self-funding model driven by incentivized full nodes and a clear [roadmap](https://www.dash.org/roadmap/) for future development. While Dash is based on Bitcoin and compatible with many key components of the Bitcoin ecosystem, its two-tier network structure offers significant improvements in transaction speed, anonymity and governance. This section of the documentation describes these key features that set Dash apart in the blockchain economy. {% endautocrossref %} ### InstantSend {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} {% autocrossref %} Dash Core's InstantSend feature provides a way to lock transaction inputs and enable secure, instantaneous transactions. Since Dash Core 0.13.0, any qualifying transaction is automatically upgraded to InstantSend by the network without a need for the sending wallet to explicitly request it. For these simple transactions (those containing 4 or fewer inputs), the previous requirement for a special InstantSend transaction fee was also removed. The criteria for determining eligibility can be found in the lists of limitations below. The following video provides an overview with a good introduction to the details including the InstantSend vulnerability that was fixed in Dash Core 0.12.2. Some specific points in the video are listed here for quick reference: - 2:00 - InstantSend restrictions - 5:00 - Masternode quorum creation - 6:00 - Input locking - 7:45 - Quorum score calculation / Requirement for block confirmations - 9:00 - Description of Dash Core pre-0.12.2 InstantSend vulnerability - 13:00 - Description of vulnerability fix / Post Dash Core 0.12.2 operation {% endautocrossref %} {% autocrossref %} *InstantSend Data Flow* | **InstantSend Client** | **Direction** | **Peers** | **Description** | | `inv` message (ix) | → | | Client sends inventory for transaction lock request | | ← | `getdata` message (ix) | Peer responds with request for transaction lock request | `ix` message | → | | Client sends InstantSend transaction lock request | | ← | `inv` message (txlvote) | Masternodes in the [quorum](#quorum-selection) respond with votes | `getdata` message (txlvote) | → | | Client requests vote | | ← | `txlvote` message | Peer responds with vote Once an InstantSend lock has been requested, the `instantsend` field of various RPCs (e.g. the `getmempoolentry` RPC) is set to `true`. Then, if a sufficient number of votes approve the transaction lock, the InstantSend transaction is approved the `instantlock` field of the RPC is set to `true`. If an InstantSend transaction is a valid transaction but does not receive a transaction lock, it reverts to being a standard transaction. There are a number of limitations on InstantSend transactions: * The lock request will timeout 15 seconds after the first vote is seen (`INSTANTSEND_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECONDS`) * The lock request will fail if it has not been locked after 60 seconds (`INSTANTSEND_FAILED_TIMEOUT_SECONDS`) * A “per-input” fee of 0.0001 DASH per input is required for non-simple transactions (inputs >=5) since they place a higher load on the masternodes. This fee was most recently decreased by [DIP-0001](https://github.com/dashpay/dips/blob/master/dip-0001.md). * To be used in an InstantSend transaction, an input must have at least the number confirmations (block depth) indicated by the table below | **Network** | **Confirmations Required** | |---------|--------------| | Mainnet | 6 Blocks | | Testnet | 2 Blocks | | Regtest | 2 Blocks | | Devnet | 2 Blocks | There are some further limitations on Automatic InstantSend transactions: * DIP3 must be active * Spork 16 must be enabled * Mempool usage must be lower than 10% (`AUTO_IX_MEMPOOL_THRESHOLD`). As of Dash Core 0.13.0, this corresponds to a mempool size of 30 MB (`DEFAULT_MAX_MEMPOOL_SIZE` = 300 MB). **Historical Note** Prior to Dash Core 0.13.0, `instantsend` and `instantlock` values were not available via RPC. At that time, the InstantSend system worked as described below. Once a sufficient number of votes approved the transaction lock, the InstantSend transaction was approved and showed 5 confirmations (`DEFAULT_INSTANTSEND_DEPTH`). NOTE: The 5 "pseudo-confirmations" were shown to convey confidence that the transaction was secure from double-spending and DID NOT indicate the transaction had already been confirmed to a block depth of 5 in the blockchain. {% endautocrossref %} #### LLMQ InstantSend {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} {% autocrossref %} The introduction of Long-Living Masternode Quorums in Dash Core 0.14 provides a foundation to further scale InstantSend. LLMQ-based InstantSend removes a number of previously required limitations and simplifies the process by decreasing the number of P2P messages clients must use. During the evaluation and transition from standard InstantSend to LLMQ-based InstantSend, Sporks 2 (`SPORK_2_INSTANTSEND_ENABLED`) and 20 (`SPORK_20_INSTANTSEND_LLMQ_BASED`) will both be used. Spork 2 enables or disables the entire InstantSend feature, while spork 20 determines which of the two InstantSend mechanisms is active when InstantSend is enabled. There are still some limitations on LLMQ-based InstantSend transactions: * Transaction inputs must either: * Be in a block that has a ChainLock * Have at least the number confirmations (block depth) indicated by the table below | **Network** | **Confirmations Required** | |---------|--------------| | Mainnet | 6 Blocks | | Testnet | 2 Blocks | | Regtest | 2 Blocks | | Devnet | 2 Blocks | Improvements from the old InstantSend system: * Changed: Transactions can be chained if the inputs are from transactions that are also locked * Changed: InstantSend locks are attempted for all transactions (`tx` messages) - no need to request it via the special message (`ix` message) * Changed: Only need to receive a single `islock` message - no need to track votes (`txlvote` messages) for each input * Removed: Limit on number of inputs * Removed: Limit on transaction value * Removed: Timeout for lock - transaction locks will only be removed once the transaction is confirmed in a ChainLocked block * Removed: Custom InstantSend fee Note: A transaction will __not__ be included in the block template (from `getblocktemplate`) unless it: 1. Has been locked, or 2. Has been in the mempool for >=10 minutes (`WAIT_FOR_ISLOCK_TIMEOUT`) A miner may still include any transaction, but blocks containing only locked transactions (or ones older than the timeout) should achieve a ChainLock faster. This is desirable to miners since it prevents any reorgs that might orphan their block. *InstantSend Data Flow* | **InstantSend Client** | **Direction** | **Peers** | **Description** | | `tx` message | → | | Client sends InstantSend transaction | **LLMQ Signing Sessions** | | | Quorums internally process locking | | | | | Quorum(s) responsible for the transaction's inputs lock the inputs via LLMQ signing sessions | | | | Once all inputs are locked, the quorum responsible for the overall transaction creates the transaction lock (`islock`) via an LLMQ signing session | **LLMQ Results** | | | Quorum results broadcast to the network | | | ← | `inv` message (islock) | Quorum responds with lock inventory | `getdata` message (islock) | → | | Client requests lock message | | ← | `islock` message | Quorum responds with lock message {% endautocrossref %} ### ChainLocks {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} {% autocrossref %} Dash's ChainLock feature leverages [LLMQ Signing Requests/Sessions](#llmq-signing-session) to reduce uncertainty when receiving funds and remove the possibility of 51% mining attacks. For each block, an LLMQ of a few hundred masternodes (300-400) is selected and each participating member signs the first block that it sees extending the active chain at the current height. If enough members (at least 240) see the same block as the first block, they will be able to create a `clsig` message and propagate it to all nodes in the network. If a valid `clsig` message is received by a node, it must reject all blocks (and any descendants) at the same height that do not match the block specified in the `clsig` message. This makes the decision on the active chain quick, easy and unambiguous. It also makes reorganizations below this block impossible. When LLMQ-based InstantSend is enabled, a ChainLock is only attempted once all transactions in the block are locked via InstantSend. If a block contains unlocked transactions, retroactive InstantSend locks are established prior to a ChainLock. Please read [DIP8 ChainLocks](https://github.com/dashpay/dips/blob/master/dip-0008.md) for additional details. {% endautocrossref %} ### PrivateSend {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} {% autocrossref %} Dash Core's PrivateSend feature provides a way to improve privacy by performing coin-mixing without relinquishing custodial access. For additional details, reference this [Official Documentation PrivateSend page](https://docs.dash.org/en/latest/introduction/features.html#privatesend). The following video provides an overview with a good introduction to the details: {% endautocrossref %} #### PrivateSend Wallet Preparation {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} {% autocrossref %} The wallet completes two operations in this phase: 1. Split value into inputs matching the PrivateSend denominations by sending transactions to itself 2. Split value into inputs to use for collateral by sending transactions to itself **Note**: Both these operations incur standard transaction fees like any other transaction **Creating Denominations** The PrivateSend denominations include a bit mapping to easily differentiate them. The `dsa` message and `dsq` message use this bit shifted integer instead of sending the actual denomination. The table below lists the bit, its associated integer value used in P2P messages, and the actual Dash value. | **Bit** | **Denom. (Integer)** | **Denomination (DASH)** | | 0 | 1 | 10.0001 | | 1 | 2 | 01.00001 | | 2 | 4 | 00.100001 | | 3 | 8 | 00.0100001 | | 4 | 16 | 00.00100001 | Protocol version 70213 added a 5th denomination (0.001 DASH). The denominations are structured to allow converting between denominations directly without requiring additional inputs or creating change (for example, 1 x 10.0001 = 10 x 1.00001, 1 x 0.100001 = 10 x 0.0100001, etc.). {% endautocrossref %} [Example Testnet denomination creation transaction](https://testnet-insight.dashevo.org/insight/tx/f0174fc87d68a18617c2990df4d9455c0459c601d2d6473934357a66f9b8b70a) {% autocrossref %} **Creating Collaterals** PrivateSend collaterals are used to pay mixing fees, but are kept separate from the denominations to maximize privacy. Since protocol version 70213, the minimum collateral fee is 1/10 of the smallest denomination for all mixing sessions regardless of denomination. In Dash Core, collaterals are created with enough value to pay 4 collateral fees (4 x 0.001 DASH). ([Dash Core Reference](https://github.com/dashpay/dash/blob/262454791c4b4f783b2533d1b16b757a71eb5f7d/src/privatesend.h#L413)) In protocol version 70208, collateral inputs can be anything from 2x the minimum collateral amount to the maximum collateral amount (currently defined as 4x the minimum collateral). In protocol versions > 70208, Dash Core can use any input from 1x the minimum collateral amount to the maximum collateral amount. {% endautocrossref %} [Example Testnet collateral creation transaction](https://testnet-insight.dashevo.org/insight/tx/8f9b15973983876f7ce4eb2c32b09690dfb0432d2caf6c6df516196a8d17689f) [Example Testnet collateral payment transaction](https://testnet-insight.dashevo.org/insight/tx/de51e6f7c5ef75aad0dbb0a808ef4873d7ef6d67b25f3a658d5a241db4f3eeeb) #### PrivateSend Mixing {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} {% autocrossref %} The mixing phase involves exchanging a sequence of messages with a masternode so it can construct a mixing transaction with inputs from the clients in its mixing pool. {% endautocrossref %} *PrivateSend Data Flow* {% autocrossref %} | | **PrivateSend Clients** | **Direction** | **Masternode** | **Description** | | 0 | | | | Client determines whether to join an existing mixing pool or create a new one | | 1 | `dsa` message | → | | Client asks to join mixing pool or have the masternode create a new one | 2 | | ← | `dssu` message | Masternode provides a mixing pool status update (Typical - State: `POOL_STATE_QUEUE`, Message: `MSG_NOERR`) | 3 | | ← | `dsq` message | Masternode notifies clients when it is ready to mix | 4 | `dsi` message | → | | Upon receiving a `dsq` message with the Ready bit set, clients each provide a list of their inputs (unsigned) to be mixed, collateral, and a list of outputs where mixed funds should be sent | 5 | | ← | `dssu` message | Masternode provides a mixing pool status update (typical - State: `POOL_STATE_ACCEPTING_ENTRIES`, Message: `MSG_ENTRIES_ADDED`) | 6 | | ← | `dsf` message | Masternode sends the final transaction containing all clients inputs (unsigned) and all client outputs to each client for verification | 7 | | ← | `dssu` message | Masternode provides a mixing pool status update (Typical - State: `POOL_STATE_SIGNING`, Message: `MSG_NOERR`) | 8 | `dss` message | → | | After verifying the final transaction, clients each sign their own inputs and send them back | 9 | | ← | `dsc` message | Masternode verifies the signed inputs, creates a `dstx` message to broadcast the transaction, and notifies clients that the mixing transaction is complete (Typical - Message: `MSG_SUCCESS`) | 10 | | ← | `inv` message | Masternode broadcasts a `dstx` inventory message | 11 | `getdata` message (dstx) | → | | (Optional) **Additional notes** _**Step 0 - Pool Selection**_ * Existing mixing pool information is derived from the Queue messages seen by the client * Dash Core attempts to join an existing mixing pool 2/3 of the time although this is not a requirement that alternative implementations would be required to follow ([Dash Core Reference](https://github.com/dashpay/dash/blob/e596762ca22d703a79c6880a9d3edb1c7c972fd3/src/privatesend-client.cpp#L817-#L826)) _**Step 1 - Pool Request**_ * The `dsa` message contains a collateral transaction * This transaction uses a collateral input created in the [Wallet Preparation](#privatesend-wallet-preparation) phase * The collateral is a signed transaction that pays the collateral back to a client address minus a fee of 0.001 DASH _**Step 3 - Queue**_ * A masternode broadcasts `dsq` messages when it starts a new queue. These message are relayed by all peers. * As of protocol version 70214, mixing sessions have a variable number of participants defined by the range `nPoolMinParticipants` (3) to `nPoolMaxParticipants` (5). Prior protocol version mixing sessions always contained exactly 3 participants * Once the masternode has received valid `dsa` messages from the appropriate number of clients (`nSessionMaxParticipants`), it sends a `dsq` message with the ready bit set * Clients must respond to the Queue ready within 30 seconds or risk forfeiting the collateral they provided in the `dsa` message (Step 1) ([Dash Core Reference](https://github.com/dashpay/dash/blob/e9f7142ed01c0d7b53ef8b5f6f3f6375a68ef422/src/privatesend.h#L23)) _**Step 4 - Inputs**_ * The collateral transaction can be the same in the `dsi` message as the one in the `dsa` message (Step 1) as long as it has not been spent * Each client can provide up to 9 (`PRIVATESEND_ENTRY_MAX_SIZE`) inputs (and an equal number of outputs) to be mixed ([Dash Core Reference](https://github.com/dashpay/dash/blob/e9f7142ed01c0d7b53ef8b5f6f3f6375a68ef422/src/privatesend.h#L29)) * This is the only message in the PrivateSend process that contains enough information to link a wallet's PrivateSend inputs with its outputs * This message is sent directly between a client and the mixing masternode (not relayed across the Dash network) so no other clients see it _**Step 6 - Final Transaction (unsigned)**_ * Once the masternode has received valid `dsi` messages from all clients, it creates the final transaction and sends a `dsf` message * Inputs/outputs are ordered deterministically as defined by [BIP-69](https://github.com/quantumexplorer/bips/blob/master/bip-0069.mediawiki#Abstract) to avoid leaking any data ([Dash Core Reference](https://github.com/dashpay/dash/blob/e596762ca22d703a79c6880a9d3edb1c7c972fd3/src/privatesend-server.cpp#L321-#L322)) * Clients must sign their inputs to the Final Transaction within 15 seconds or risk forfeiting the collateral they provided in the `dsi` message (Step 4) ([Dash Core Reference](https://github.com/dashpay/dash/blob/e9f7142ed01c0d7b53ef8b5f6f3f6375a68ef422/src/privatesend.h#L24)) _**Step 10 - Final Transaction broadcast**_ * Prior to protocol version 70213, masternodes could only send a single un-mined `dstx` message at a time. As of protocol version 70213, up to 5 (`MASTERNODE_MAX_MIXING_TXES`) un-mined `dstx` messages per masternode are allowed. _**General**_ With the exception of the `dsq` message and the `dstx` message (which need to be public and do not expose any private information), all PrivateSend P2P messages are sent directly between the mixing masternode and relevant client(s). {% endautocrossref %} #### PrivateSend Fees {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} {% autocrossref %} **Mixing Fees** * If mixing completes successfully, Dash Core charges the collateral randomly in 1/10 mixing transactions to pay miners ([Dash Core Reference](https://github.com/dashpay/dash/blob/e596762ca22d703a79c6880a9d3edb1c7c972fd3/src/privatesend-server.cpp#L458-#L478)) * Clients that abuse the mixing system by failing to respond to `dsq` messages or `dsf` messages within the timeout periods may forfeit their collateral. Dash Core charges the abuse fee in 2/3 cases ([Dash Core Reference](https://github.com/dashpay/dash/blob/e596762ca22d703a79c6880a9d3edb1c7c972fd3/src/privatesend-server.cpp#L397-#L398)) **Sending Fees** To maintain privacy when using PrivateSend, PrivateSend transactions must fully spend all inputs to a single output (with the remainder becoming the fee - i.e. no change outputs). This can result in large fees depending on the value being sent. For example, an extreme case is sending the minimum non-dust value (546 duffs) via PrivateSend. This results in an extremely large transaction fee because the minimum PrivateSend denomination (0.0100001 DASH or 1,000,010 duffs) must be fully spent with no change. This results in a fee of 0.00999464 DASH and a sent value of only 0.00000546 DASH as shown by the calculation below. 1000010 duffs (smallest PrivateSend denomination) - 546 duffs (value to send) = 999464 duffs (fee) {% endautocrossref %} [Example Testnet PrivateSend transaction spending 546 duffs](https://testnet-insight.dashevo.org/insight/address/yWWNYVEQ84RM1xXJekj62wJPF3h1TKh9fS) ### Masternode Payment {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} {% autocrossref %} Since DIP3 (introduced in Dash Core 0.13.0), masternode reward payments are based on the deterministic masternode list information found on-chain in each block. This results in a transparent, deterministic process that operates using the [algorithm described in DIP3](https://github.com/dashpay/dips/blob/master/dip-0003.md#masternode-rewards). On-chain masternode lists reduce the complexity of reward payments, make payments much more predictable, and also allow masternode payments to be enforced for all blocks (enforcement for superblocks was not possible in the previous system). **Historical Note** Prior to DIP3, the masternode payment process operated as described below. Masternode payment uses a verifiable process to determine which masternode is paid in each block. When a new block is processed, a quorum of `MNPAYMENTS_SIGNATURES_TOTAL` (10) masternodes vote on the next masternode payee. The quorum is calculated deterministically based on the distance between masternode's hash and the block's proof of work. Each member of the quorum issues a 'mnw' message that is relayed to the network. The payee is selected from a subset of masternodes made up of 10% of eligible nodes that have been waiting the longest since their last payment. The winner is then determined based on a number of parameters including the distance between the its hash and the block's proof of work. For additional detail, reference this [Official Documentation Payment Logic page](https://docs.dash.org/en/0.12.3/masternodes/understanding.html#payment-logic). Nodes receiving a `mnw` message verify the validity of the message before relaying it to their peers. If the message is invalid, the sending node may be treated as misbehaving and have its ban score increased. {% endautocrossref %} ### Masternode Sync {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} {% autocrossref %} Dash Core performs full masternode synchronization as required. There are several conditions that initiate a start/restart the sync process: * Initial startup of Dash Core * More than 60 minutes have passed since the last activation * A failure occurred during the last sync attempt (after a 1 minute cooldown before sync restarts) * Issuing a `mnsync reset` RPC command {% endautocrossref %} #### Initial Masternode Sync {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} {% autocrossref %} The deterministic masternode lists introduced by DIP3 eliminated several steps of the sync process related to the masternode list and masternode payments. Since that information is now available on-chain, P2P messages related to those steps were deprecated. This diagram shows the order in which P2P messages are sent to perform masternode synchronization initially after startup. ![Masternode Sync (Initial)](/img/dev/en-masternode-sync-initial-dip3.svg) The following table details the data flow of P2P messages exchanged during initial masternode synchronization after the activation of DIP3 and Spork 15. | **Syncing Node Message** | **Direction** | **Masternode Response** | **Description** | | **1. Sporks** | | | | | `getsporks` message | → | | Syncing node requests sporks | | ← | `spork` message(s) | | **2. Governance** | | | See [Governance sync](#governance) | *Masternode Sync Status* There are several status values used to track masternode synchronization. They are used in both `ssc` messages and the `mnsync` RPC. | **Value** | **Status** | **Description** | | -1 | `MASTERNODE_SYNC_FAILED` | Synchronization failed | | 0 | `MASTERNODE_SYNC_INITIAL` | Synchronization just started, was reset recently, or is still in IBD | | 1 | `MASTERNODE_SYNC_WAITING` | Synchronization pending - waiting after initial to check for more headers/blocks | | 2 | `MASTERNODE_SYNC_LIST` | ![Warning icon](/img/icons/icon_warning.svg) _Deprecated following activation of DIP3 and Spork 15_

Synchronizing masternode list | | 3 | `MASTERNODE_SYNC_MNW` | ![Warning icon](/img/icons/icon_warning.svg) _Deprecated following activation of DIP3 and Spork 15_

Synchronizing masternode payments | | 4 | `MASTERNODE_SYNC_GOVERNANCE` | Synchronizing governance objects | | 999 | `MASTERNODE_SYNC_FINISHED` | Synchronization finished | #### Ongoing Masternode Sync {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} Once a masternode completes an initial full sync, continuing synchronization is maintained by the exchange of P2P messages with other nodes. This diagram shows an overview of the messages exchanged to keep the masternode list, masternode payments, and governance objects synchronized between masternodes. ![Masternode Sync (Ongoing)](/img/dev/en-masternode-sync-ongoing.svg) **Governance** After the initial governance synchronization, governance information is kept current by the `govobj` messages and `govobjvote` messages relayed on the network. Unsynchronized peers may send `govsync` messages to request governance sync. #### Masternode Sync Schedule {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} The following tables detail the timing of various functions used to keep the masternodes in sync with each other. This information is derived from the scheduler section of `AppInitMain` in `src/init.cpp`. | **Period (seconds)** | **Action** | **Description** | | 6 | MN Sync | Synchronizes sporks, masternode list, masternode payments, and governance objects (masternode-sync.cpp) | The following actions only run when the masternode sync is past `MASTERNODE_SYNC_WAITING` status. | **Period (seconds)** | **Action** | **Description** | | 60 | Process MN Connections | Disconnects some masternodes (masternodeman.cpp) | | 60 | InstantSend Check/Remove | Remove expired/orphaned/invalid InstantSend candidates and votes (instantx.cpp) | | 300 | Maintenance | Check/remove/reprocess governance objects (governance.cpp) | {% endautocrossref %} #### Previous System ![Warning icon](/img/icons/icon_warning.svg) **The following information is for historical reference only. It describes the masternode sync process that was used prior to the deterministic masternode list update in Dash Core v0.13 that implemented DIP3.** Please see [here for details of the current system](#masternode-sync) ##### Initial Sync {% autocrossref %} This diagram shows the order in which P2P messages are sent to perform masternode synchronization initially after startup. ![Masternode Sync (Initial)](/img/dev/en-masternode-sync-initial.svg) The following table details the data flow of P2P messages exchanged during initial masternode synchronization before the activation of DIP3 and Spork 15. | **Syncing Node Message** | **Direction** | **Masternode Response** | **Description** | | **1. Sporks** | | | | | `getsporks` message | → | | Syncing node requests sporks | | ← | `spork` message(s) | | **2. Masternode List** | | | Sync Masternode list from other connected clients | | `dseg` message | → | | Syncing node requests masternode list | | ← | `ssc` message | Number of entries in masternode list (MASTERNODE_SYNC_LIST)

Only sent if requesting entire list | | ← | `inv` message(s) (mnb) | MSG_MASTERNODE_ANNOUNCE | | ← | `inv` message(s) (mnp) | MSG_MASTERNODE_PING | `getdata` message(s) (mnb) | → | | (Optional) | `getdata` message(s) (mnp) | → | | (Optional) | | ← | `mnb` message(s) | (If requested) Masternode announce message | | ← | `mnp` message(s) | (If requested) Masternode ping message | **3. Masternode payments** | | | Ask node for all payment votes it has (new nodes will only return votes for future payments) | | `mnget` message | → | | Syncing node requests masternode payment sync | | ← | `ssc` message | Number of entries in masternode payment list | | ← | `inv` message(s) (mnw) | MSG_MASTERNODE_PAYMENT_VOTE | `getdata` message(s) (mnw) | → | | (Optional) | | ← | `mnw` message(s) | (If requested) Masternode payment vote message | **4. Governance** | | | See [Governance sync](#governance) | ##### Ongoing Sync {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} Once a masternode completes an initial full sync, continuing synchronization is maintained by the exchange of P2P messages with other nodes. This diagram shows an overview of the messages exchanged to keep the masternode list, masternode payments, and governance objects synchronized between masternodes. ![Masternode Sync (Ongoing)](/img/dev/en-masternode-sync-ongoing.svg) **Recurring Ping** ![Warning icon](/img/icons/icon_warning.svg) NOTE: Deprecated following activation of DIP3. Each masternode issues a ping (`mnp` message) periodically to notify the network that it is still online. Masternodes that do not issue a ping for 3 hours will be put into the `MASTERNODE_NEW_START_REQUIRED` state and will need to issue a masternode announce (`mnb` message). **Masternode List** ![Warning icon](/img/icons/icon_warning.svg) NOTE: Deprecated following activation of DIP3. After the initial masternode list has been received, it is kept current by a combination of the periodic `mnp` messages received from other masternodes, the `mnb` messages sent by masternodes as they come online, and `mnv` messages to verify that other masternodes are valid. Also, `dseg` messages can be sent to request masternode info when messages are received that have been signed by an unrecognized masternode (most masternode/governance messages include a `vin` value that can be used to verify the masternode's unspent 1000 Dash). Unsynchronized peers may send a `dseg` message to request the entire masternode list. **Masternode Payment** ![Warning icon](/img/icons/icon_warning.svg) NOTE: Deprecated following activation of DIP3. After the initial masternode payment synchronization, payment information is kept current via the `mnw` messages relayed on the network. Unsynchronized peers may send a `mnget` message to request masternode payment sync. ##### Sync Schedule {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} Prior to the deterministic masternode system introduced by DIP3 in Dash Core 0.13, the following additional sync actions were also required. | **Period (seconds)** | **Action** | **Description** | | 1 | MN Check | ![Warning icon](/img/icons/icon_warning.svg) _Deprecated following activation of DIP3 and Spork 15_

Check the state of each masternode that is still funded and not banned. The action occurs once per second, but individual masternodes are only checked at most every 5 seconds (only a subset of masternodes are checked each time it runs) (masternodeman.cpp) | | 60 | MN Check/Remove | ![Warning icon](/img/icons/icon_warning.svg) _Deprecated following activation of DIP3 and Spork 15_

Remove spent masternodes and check the state of inactive ones (masternodeman.cpp) | | 60 | MN Payment Check/Remove | ![Warning icon](/img/icons/icon_warning.svg) _Deprecated following activation of DIP3 and Spork 15_

Remove old masternode payment votes/blocks (masternode-payments.cpp) | | 300 | Full verification | ![Warning icon](/img/icons/icon_warning.svg) _Deprecated following activation of DIP3 and Spork 15_

Verify masternodes via direct requests (`mnv` messages - note time constraints in the Developer Reference section) (masternodeman.cpp) | | 600 | Manage State | ![Warning icon](/img/icons/icon_warning.svg) _Deprecated following activation of DIP3 and Spork 15_

Sends masternode pings (`mnp` message). Also sends initial masternode broadcast (`mnb` message) for local masternodes. (activemasternode.cpp) | {% endautocrossref %} ### Governance {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} {% autocrossref %} #### Synchronization {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} Dash Core synchronizes the governance system via the Masternode network as the last stage of the Masternode sync process (following the sync of sporks, the Masternode list, and Masternode payments). The `govsync` message initiates a sync of the governance system. Masternodes ignore this request if they are not fully synced. There are two distinct stages of governance sync: 1. Initial request (object sync) - requests the governance objects only via a `govsync` message sent with a hash of all zeros. 2. Follow up request(s) (vote sync) - request governance object votes for a specific object via a `govsync` message containing the hash of the object. One message is required for each object. Dash Core periodically (~ every 6 seconds) sends messages to connected nodes until all the governance objects have been synchronized. {% highlight text %} Dash Core limits how frequently the first type of sync (object sync) can be requested. Frequent requests will result in the node being banned. {% endhighlight %} Masternodes respond to the `govsync` message with several items: For Object Sync: * First, the Masternode sends a `ssc` message (Sync Status Count) for `govobj` objects. This message indicates how many inventory items will be sent. * Second, the Masternode sends an `inv` message for the `govobj` and `govobjvote` objects. For Vote Sync: * First, the Masternode sends a `ssc` message (Sync Status Count) for `govobjvote` objects. This message indicates how many inventory items will be sent. * Second, the Masternode sends an `inv` message for the `govobjvote` object(s). Once the syncing node receives the counts and inventories, it may request any `govobj` and `govobjvote` objects from the masternode via a `getdata` message. *Governance Sync Data Flow* | **Syncing Node Message** | **Direction** | **Masternode Response** | **Description** | | **Initial request** | | | **Requests all governance objects (without votes)** | | `govsync` message | → | | Syncing node initiates governance sync (hash set to all zeros) | | ← | `ssc` message (govobj) | Number of governance objects (0 or more) | | ← | `inv` message (govobj) | Governance object inventories | `getdata` message (govobj) | → | | (Optional) Syncing node requests govobj | | ← | `govobj` message | (If requested) Governance object | | | | | | **Follow up requests** | | | **Requests governance object (with votes)** | | `govsync` message | → | | Syncing node requests governance sync for a specific governance object | | ← | `ssc` message (govobjvote)| Number of governance object votes (0 or more) | | ← | `inv` message (govobjvote)| Governance object vote inventories | `getdata` message (govobjvote) | → | | (Optional) Syncing node requests govobjvote | | ← | `govobjvote` message | (If requested) Governance object vote #### Sentinel {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} [Sentinel](https://github.com/dashpay/sentinel/) is a Python application that connects to a masternode's local dashd instance to run as an autonomous agent for persisting, processing, and automating Dash 12.1+ governance objects and tasks. Sentinel abstracts some governance details away from Dash Core for easier extensibility of the governance system in the future. This will allow the integration between Evolution and Dash Core to proceed more smoothly and enable new governance object additions with minimal impact to Dash Core. Sentinel runs periodically and performs three main tasks as described below: governance sync, governance object pruning, and superblock management. The governance object data is stored in a SQLite database. ##### Sentinel Sync {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} Sentinel issues a `gobject list` RPC command and updates its database with the results returned from dashd. When objects are removed from the network, they are purged from the Sentinel database. ##### Sentinel Prune {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} Sentinel 1.1.0 introduced proposal pruning which automatically votes to delete expired proposals following approximately half of a superblock cycle. This delay period ensures that proposals are not deleted prematurely. Prior to this, proposals remained in memory unless a sufficient number of masternodes manually voted to delete them. ##### Sentinel Superblock {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} Sentinel manages superblock creation, voting, and submission to dashd for network propagation. Beginning ~3 days (1662 blocks) prior to a superblock, Sentinel selects one masternode per block to rank proposals. This ranking is used to determine what a candidate superblock (or "superblock trigger") should contain. Based on the results, it creates and broadcasts a new superblock trigger if a matching one was not found. Each masternode casts only 1 superblock trigger "Yes" vote per superblock cycle. It will vote "No" for any other triggers it receives. Note: This means that proposal votes submitted _after_ superblock trigger creation begins will _not_ be counted by some masternodes (those that have already voted on a superblock trigger). At the superblock height, the trigger with the most "Yes" votes is paid out by that block's miner. ##### Sentinel Ping {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} ![Warning icon](/img/icons/icon_warning.svg) NOTE: Deprecated by [Dash Core v0.14](https://github.com/dashpay/sentinel/pull/64) In Dash Core 12.2, use of the `watchdog` governance object type was replaced by integrating sentinel information into the masternode ping (`mnp` message) via [Pull Request #1491](https://github.com/dashpay/dash/pull/1491). From Dash Core 0.12.2 through Dash Core 0.13, Sentinel used the `sentinelping` RPC to update the masternode info and prevent it from entering a `MASTERNODE_WATCHDOG_EXPIRED` state. {% endautocrossref %} ### Masternode Quorums {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} Dash's masternode quorums are used to facilitate the operation of masternode provided features in a decentralized, deterministic way. The original quorums (used largely for InstantSend and masternode payments) were ephemeral and used for a single purpose (e.g. voting on one specific InstantSend transaction). Dash Core 0.14 (protocol version 70214) introduced the Long Living Masternode Quorums (LLMQ) that are described in detail by [DIP6](https://github.com/dashpay/dips/blob/master/dip-0006.md). These LLMQs are deterministic subsets of the global deterministic masternode list that are formed via a distributed key generation (DKG) protocol and remain active for a long periods of time (e.g. hours to days). The main task of LLMQs is to perform threshold signing of consensus-related messages (e.g. ChainLocks). ##### LLMQ Creation (DKG) {% autocrossref %} The following table details the data flow of P2P messages exchanged during the distributed key generation (DKG) protocol used to establish an LLMQ. NOTE: With the exception of the final step (`qfcommit` message broadcast), the message exchanges happen only between masternodes participating in the DKG process via the Intra-Quorum communication process described in the DIP. *Quorum DKG Data Flow* | **Masternode** | **Direction** | **Peers** | **Description** | | **[Initialization Phase](https://github.com/dashpay/dips/blob/master/dip-0006.md#1-initialization-phase)**| | | **Deterministically evaluate if quorum participation necessary** | | | | | Each quorum participant establishes connections to a set of quorum participants [as described in DIP6](https://github.com/dashpay/dips/blob/master/dip-0006.md#building-the-set-of-deterministic-connections) | | **[Contribution Phase](https://github.com/dashpay/dips/blob/master/dip-0006.md#2-contribution-phase)** | | | **Send quorum contributions (intra-quorum communication)** | |`inv` message (qcontrib) | → | | Masternode sends inventory for its quorum contribution _to other masternodes in the quorum_ | | ← | `getdata` message (qcontrib) | Peer(s) respond with request for quorum contribution | `qcontrib` message | → | | Masternode sends the requested quorum contribution | **[Complaining Phase](https://github.com/dashpay/dips/blob/master/dip-0006.md#3-complaining-phase)** | | | **Send complaints for any peers with invalid or missing contributions (intra-quorum communication)** | |`inv` message (qcomplaint) | → | | Masternode sends inventory for any complaints _to other masternodes in the quorum_ | | ← | `getdata` message (qcomplaint) | Peer(s) respond with request for quorum complaints | `qcomplaint` message | → | | Masternode sends the requested complaints | **[Justification Phase](https://github.com/dashpay/dips/blob/master/dip-0006.md#4-justification-phase)** | | | **Send justification responses for any complaints against own contributions (intra-quorum communication)** | |`inv` message (qjustify) | → | | Masternode sends inventory for any justifications _to other masternodes in the quorum_ | | ← | `getdata` message (qjustify) | Peer(s) respond with request for quorum justifications | `qjustify` message | → | | Masternode sends the requested justifications | **[Commitment Phase](https://github.com/dashpay/dips/blob/master/dip-0006.md#5-commitment-phase)** | | | **Send premature commitment containing the quorum public key (intra-quorum communication)** | |`inv` message (qpcommit) | → | | Masternode sends inventory for its premature commitment _to other masternodes in the quorum_ | | ← | `getdata` message (qpcommit) | Peer(s) respond with request for quorum premature commitment | `qpcommit` message | → | | Masternode sends the requested premature commitment | **[Finalization Phase](https://github.com/dashpay/dips/blob/master/dip-0006.md#6-finalization-phase)** | | | **Send final commitment containing the quorum public key** | |`inv` message (qfcommit) | → | | Masternode sends inventory for its premature commitment **to all peers** | | ← | `getdata` message (qfcommit) | Peer(s) respond with request for quorum final commitment | `qfcommit` message | → | | Masternode sends the requested final commitment {% endautocrossref %} ##### LLMQ Signing Session {% autocrossref %} The following table details the data flow of P2P messages exchanged during an LLMQ signing session. These sessions take advantage of BLS threshold signatures to enable quorums to sign arbitrary messages. For example, Dash Core 0.14 uses this capability to create the quorum signature found in the `clsig` message that enables ChainLocks. Please read [DIP7 LLMQ Signing Requests / Sessions](https://github.com/dashpay/dips/blob/master/dip-0007.md) for additional details. *LLMQ Signing Session Data Flow* | **Masternode** | **Direction** | **Peers** | **Description** | | **[Siging Request Phase](https://github.com/dashpay/dips/blob/master/dip-0007.md#signing-request)** | | | Request quorum signing of a message (e.g. InstantSend transaction input) (intra-quorum communication) | | `qsigsesann` message | → | | Masternode sends a signing session announcement _to other masternodes in the quorum_ | **[Share Propagation Phase](https://github.com/dashpay/dips/blob/master/dip-0007.md#propagating-signature-shares)** | | | Members exchange signature shares within the quorum (intra-quorum communication) | | `qsigsinv` message | → | | Masternode sends one or more quorum signature share inventories _to other masternodes in the quorum_
_May occur multiple times in this phase_ | | ← | `qgetsigs` message (qcontrib) | Peer(s) respond with request for signature shares
_May occur multiple times in this phase_ | `qbsigs` message | → | | Masternode sends the requested batched signature share(s)
_May occur multiple times in this phase_ | **[Threshold Signature Recovery Phase](https://github.com/dashpay/dips/blob/master/dip-0007.md#recovered-threshold-signatures)** | | | A recovered signature is created by a quorum member once valid signature shares from at least the threshold number of members have been received | | `qsigrec` message | → | | Masternode sends the quorum recovered signature **to all peers** (except those that have asked to be excluded via a `qsendrecsigs` message) Note the following timeouts defined by Dash Core related to signing sessions: | Parameter | Timeout, sec | Description | | `SESSION_NEW_SHARES_TIMEOUT` | 60 | Time to wait for new shares | | `SIG_SHARE_REQUEST_TIMEOUT` | 5 | Time to wait for a requested share before requesting from a different node | | `SESSION_TOTAL_TIMEOUT` | 300 | Time to wait for session to complete | {% endautocrossref %} #### Quorum Selection {% include helpers/subhead-links.md %} {% autocrossref %} | Quorum Type | Members | Consensus | Description | | ----------- | ------- | --------- | ----------- | | Classic
(non-LLMQ) InstantSend | 10 | Majority | A set of 10 masternodes are selected for _each_ input of the InstantSend transaction. A majority (6+) of them must agree to lock the input. If all inputs in the transaction can be locked, it becomes a successful InstantSend. | MN Payments | 10 | Majority | A set of 10 masternodes are selected for each block. A majority (6+) of them must agree on the masternode payee for the next block. | MN Broadcast | 10 | Majority | _Deprecated by DIP3 (deterministic masternode list) in Dash Core 0.13._

If a majority (6+) of nodes agree, a new `mnb` message is not required. {% endautocrossref %}